London, December 10, 2025
Despite the Washington Accords signed on December 4, 2025, between the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Rwanda, ongoing fighting and rebel attacks continue in eastern DRC, underscoring the fragile nature of peace in the region rooted in complex political and economic factors.
Key Details of the Washington Accords
The peace deal, brokered under the Washington Accords and overseen by former U.S. President Donald Trump, mandates the withdrawal of Rwandan forces from Congolese territory. It also requires both nations to cease support for non-state armed groups, notably the FDLR and M23 rebel militias challenging stability in eastern DRC. Additionally, the treaty envisions the establishment of a joint security coordination mechanism within 30 days and promotes regional economic integration focused on unlocking access to critical minerals essential for global supply chains.
Continuing Instability Despite the Agreement
Despite formal diplomatic progress, violence persists. Gunfire and attacks by rebel factions remain frequent in key strategic cities in eastern Congo, where government control is tenuous. The complexity of disarming and integrating armed groups into national forces continues to hamper peace efforts. Security analysts highlight that implementation of the accords is lagging on the ground, with rebel forces still active and sporadic clashes undermining the fragile ceasefire.
Economic Interests and Criticisms
Critics of the Washington Accords argue that the treaty disproportionately serves U.S. economic interests by facilitating access to eastern Congo’s abundant critical mineral resources needed for technology and manufacturing sectors. This economic angle, they contend, might overshadow the humanitarian and political dimensions essential for sustainable peace. The integration of economic cooperation is intended to create mutual incentives for stability but raises concerns about prioritizing resource access over comprehensive conflict resolution.
Background on the Conflict
Eastern DRC has long been a hotbed of conflict fueled by ethnic tensions and competition over mineral wealth. Rebel groups like the FDLR and M23 have been entrenched for years, supported at times by neighboring states, contributing to cycles of violence and displacement. The region’s minerals are vital for industries worldwide, intensifying geopolitical and commercial stakes involved in any peace agreement.
The Washington Accords represent a diplomatic milestone, yet the on-the-ground reality reflects persistent volatility. The enduring clashes signal that the path to lasting peace in eastern Congo remains fraught with significant challenges requiring sustained international attention and rigorous implementation of disarmament and security commitments.